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Raamses

Ex. 1: 11 . Elsewhere Rameses.

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Rabbah

Chief (City).

(1) In Judah (Josh. 15: 60).

(2) Chief city of the Ammonites, in the deep fertile valley of the Upper Jabbock (Deut. 3: 11 ; Josh. 13: 25 ); taken by David (2 Sam. 11: 1 ; 2 Sam. 12: 26-27, 29 ; 2 Sam. 17: 27 ; 1 Chr. 20: 1 ); prophecies against (Jer. 49: 2-3 ; Ezek. 25: 5 ; Amos 1: 14 ). Later it received the name of Philadelphia. It is not mentioned in the N.T., but it was a town of importance during the Roman occupation, and was one of the cities of the Decapolis. There are still extensive ruins at the modern Amman.

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Rabbi

My master.

Jewish title for a teacher, first used in time of Herod the Great; given to Christ (Matt. 26: 25, 49; Mark 9: 5; Mark 11: 21; Mark 14: 45; John 1: 38, 49; John 3: 2, 26; John 4: 31; John 6: 25; John 9: 2; John 11: 8). See also Matt. 23: 7-8.

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Rabboni

My master.

Title used in addressing Christ (John 20: 16; cf. Alma 18: 13).

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Rachel

Ewe.

The younger of the daughters of Laban, the dearly loved wife of Jacob, and mother of Joseph and Benjamin (Gen. 29 - 31; Gen. 33: 1-2, 7; Gen. 35: 16, 24-25; Gen. 46: 19, 22, 25); her grave (Gen. 35: 19-20; Gen. 48: 7; 1 Sam. 10: 2). Jeremiah, in a very beautiful passage, pictures Rachel as weeping in Ramah for her children, the descendants of Benjamin, Ramah being the place at which the exiles were assembled before their departure for Babylon (Jer. 31: 15). Matthew quotes the passage in his description of the mourning at Bethlehem (where Rachel’s grave was) after the murder of the children (Matt. 2: 18).

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Rahab

Broad.

The harlot who hid the spies at Jericho (Josh. 2: 1, 3; Josh. 6: 17, 23, 25; Heb. 11: 31; James 2: 25).

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Rain

In Palestine rain begins to fall late in October or early in November 9 (“the early rain”), and continues till about the end of December. The rainfall during January and February is usually small, but increases again during March and April (“the later rain”). Showers occur in May, and after this rain hardly ever falls until the end of September, though on the high ground the dews at night are often heavy. Some have reasoned that because no rain is mentioned in the Bible until Noah’s day, it therefore did not rain until that time, but see Enoch’s discussion of rain in Moses 7: 28.

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Rainbow

An outward token of God’s covenant with Noah (Gen. 9: 13; see also Ezek. 1: 28; Rev. 4: 3; Rev. 10: 1). The rainbow no doubt existed before the flood, but with Noah the rainbow took on a new significance as the token of the covenant. JST Gen. 9: 17-25 enlarges the terms of the covenant to include not only that the earth will never again be covered with a flood of water, but also that the Zion of Enoch will return and the Lord will come again to dwell on the earth.

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Ramah

Height.

(1) A town, about the site of which there has been much dispute, in Benjamin, on the border of Ephraim (Josh. 18: 25; Judg. 4: 5; Judg. 19: 13); the home of Samuel (1 Sam. 1: 19; 1 Sam. 2: 11; 1 Sam. 7: 17; 1 Sam. 8: 4; 1 Sam. 15: 34; 1 Sam. 16: 13; 1 Sam. 19: 18-23; 1 Sam. 20: 1; 1 Sam. 22: 6; 1 Sam. 25: 1; 1 Sam. 28: 3). Being on the frontier and on the road to Jerusalem, it was the scene of several conflicts between Israel and Judah (1 Kgs. 15: 17, 21-22; 2 Chr. 16: 1, 5-6). At the time of the captivity the exiles were collected here before removal to Babylon (Jer. 31: 15; Jer. 40: 1; cf. Matt. 2: 18, and see Rachel; see also Ezra 2: 26; Neh. 7: 30; Neh. 11: 33; Isa. 10: 29; Hosea 5: 8).

(2) Josh. 19: 36 .

(3) Josh. 19: 29 .

(4) Ramoth-gilead (2 Kgs. 8: 29 ; 2 Chr. 22: 6 ).

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Rameses

An Egyptian treasure-city, and also name of the district surrounding it (Gen. 47: 11; Ex. 12: 37; Num. 33: 3, 5). Spelled Raamses (Ex. 1: 11).

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Ramoth-gilead

Heights of Gilead.

A city of refuge, and (under Solomon) the seat of the governor of a province. Probably the most important Israelite city east of Jordan; identified with the modern es-Salt. See 1 Kgs. 4: 13; 22; 2 Kgs. 8: 28; 2 Kgs 9: 1, 4, 14; 2 Chr. 18; 2 Chr. 22: 5.

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Ras Shamrah Tablets

Archaeological discoveries dating at least 2000 B.C. from the Ras Shamrah community anciently called Ugarit, on the north Syrian coast 50 miles northwest of Antioch. The tablets reveal the low morality of the peoples surrounding Israel, and supply the reason why the Hebrew prophets protested so loudly against the popular Baal and fertility cults. Texts from Ras Shamrah show that a complex and ritualistic religion was flourishing at least in the second millennium B.C. among the non-Israelite peoples.

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Rebekah

Daughter of Bethuel and sister of Laban; married to Isaac (Gen. 22: 23; Gen. 24); mother of Esau and Jacob (Gen. 25: 20-28); pretends to be Isaac’s sister (Gen. 26: 7, 8); angry with Esau (Gen. 26: 35), and helps to obtain the blessing for Jacob (Gen. 27; Gen. 28: 5; Gen. 29: 12); her grave (Gen. 49: 31); her nurse (Gen. 24: 59; Gen. 35: 8).

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Recorder

A state officer of high rank, who kept a record of events and also acted as king’s adviser (2 Sam. 8: 16; 2 Sam. 20: 24; 1 Kgs. 4: 3; 2 Kgs. 18: 18, 37; 2 Chr. 34: 8).

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Red Sea

Between Egypt and Arabia. Probably best known because it was miraculously parted so that the Israelites under Moses’ leadership could pass through on dry ground, whereas the armies of Pharaoh were drowned (Ex. 13: 18; Ex. 14: 15-31; Acts 7: 36; Heb. 11: 29). The parting of the sea by Moses is confirmed in latter-day revelation in 1 Ne. 4: 2; 1 Ne. 17: 26-27; Hel. 8: 11; Moses 1: 25. Solomon had a fleet on the Red Sea (1 Kgs. 9: 26).

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Redemption

Of the firstborn, see Firstborn; of land, see Jubilee, Year of; of a slave, Lev. 25: 48. The word is of constant use in N.T. in speaking of the sacrificial work of Jesus Christ and our deliverance from sin. He redeemed us with his blood (Acts 20: 28; Eph. 1: 7, 14; Col. 1: 14; Heb. 9: 11-15; 1 Pet. 1: 18-19; 1 Pet. 3: 18; Rev. 5: 9).

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Refiner

A man who separates the precious metals from the dross with which in nature they are usually found mixed. Part of the process consists in the application of great heat, in order to bring the mass into a fluid state, hence the term “refiner’s fire.” Christ is the great Refiner. See Isa. 1: 25; Isa. 48: 10; Zech. 13: 9; Mal. 3: 2-3.

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Refuge, Cities of

See Cities of Refuge .

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Regeneration

The act by which a person is born again. Baptism is called the “washing of regeneration” (Titus 3: 5), because through it one’s sins are washed away and one becomes renewed through the Holy Spirit. See also Matt. 19: 28; John 1: 13; John 3: 3-5; Eph. 4: 22-24; 1 Pet. 1: 3.

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Rehoboam

Son of Solomon by the Ammonite princess Naamah (1 Kgs. 14: 21, 31), and his successor in the kingdom (1 Kgs. 11: 43). During his reign the division took place between north and south (1 Kgs. 12), being mainly the result of an old rivalry between Judah and Ephraim, which Rehoboam tried to pacify by going to Shechem to be crowned. Much discontent had also been caused by the rigor of Solomon’s government, and by Rehoboam’s refusal to relieve the burdens placed upon the people (1 Kgs. 12: 1-11). An invasion by Shishak, king of Egypt, also weakened Rehoboam’s power (1 Kgs. 14: 21-31). See also 1 Kgs. 15: 6; 1 Chr. 3: 10; 2 Chr. 9: 31; 2 Chr. 10 - 12; 2 Chr. 13: 7; Matt. 1: 7.

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Rehoboth

Broad places.

(1) A city built by Nimrod, probably the northeastern suburb of Nineveh (Gen. 10: 11).

(2) A well dug by Isaac (Gen. 26: 22 ).

(3) A town on the Euphrates (Gen. 36: 37 = 1 Chr. 1: 48 ).

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Reins

The kidneys, but always used figuratively to signify the center of feeling, awareness, such as joy or pain, much as current English uses heart (Job 19: 27; Isa. 11: 5; Rev. 2: 23).

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Repentance

The Greek word of which this is the translation denotes a change of mind, i.e., a fresh view about God, about oneself, and about the world. Since we are born into conditions of mortality, repentance comes to mean a turning of the heart and will to God, and a renunciation of sin to which we are naturally inclined. Without this there can be no progress in the things of the soul’s salvation, for all accountable persons are stained by sin, and must be cleansed in order to enter the kingdom of heaven. Repentance is not optional for salvation; it is a commandment of God (D&C 18: 9-22; D&C 20: 29; D&C 133: 16). The preaching of repentance by John the Baptist formed the preparation for the ministry of our Lord. See Matt. 3: 2; Matt. 4: 17; Mark 1: 4, 15; Mark 2: 17; Luke 3: 3,8; Acts 2: 38; Acts 3: 19; Acts 8: 22; Rom. 13: 11-14; James 5: 1-6; Rev. 2: 5, 16; Rev. 3: 3, 19; cf. Isa. 1: 16-20; Jonah 3: 5-10; Jer. 3 - 5; Jer. 26; Ezek. 18: 19-31; Ezek. 33: 7-20; Hosea 13: 14; Hosea 14; Joel 1: 8; Joel 2; Zeph. 2; Zech. 1; Mal. 1 - 4.

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Rephaim

Giants.

A pre-Israelite people in Palestine, noted for their great stature (Gen. 14: 5; Gen. 15: 20; Deut. 2: 11, 20; Deut. 3: 11, 13; Josh. 12: 4; Josh. 13: 12; Josh. 17: 15).

See Ashtaroth .

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Rephidim

Supports.

A wilderness station passed just before reaching Sinai; the scene of a battle with Amalek, in which the victory was won by Israel in answer to the prayers of Moses (Ex. 17: 1, 8; Ex. 19: 2; Num. 33: 14-15).

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Replenish

To fill (not refill) (Gen. 1: 28; Gen. 9: 1; Isa. 2: 6).

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Restitution; Restoration

These terms denote a return of something once present, but which has been taken away or lost. It involves, for example the renewal of the earth to its paradisiacal glory as it was before the fall of Adam (A of F 10; cf. D&C 133: 23-24 with Gen. 10: 25). In terms of the soul of man it means a return of the individual to the presence of God, and includes the reuniting of the physical body with the spirit (see Resurrection). It means a reestablishment of the gospel of Jesus Christ on the earth in the last days, with the powers, ordinances, doctrines, offices, and all things as they have existed in former ages. It means a gathering together of the house of Israel from its scattered condition. Thus it is frequently spoken of as the restitution (or restoration) or all things, as in Acts 3: 19-21. The time in which all these things are accomplished is called the dispensation of the fulness of times (Eph. 1: 10; D&C 27: 6, 13).

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Resurrection

The resurrection consists in the uniting of a spirit body with a body of flesh and bones, never again to be divided. The resurrection shall come to all, because of Christ’s victory over death. Jesus Christ was the first to be resurrected on this earth (Acts 26: 23; 1 Cor. 15: 23; Col. 1: 18; Rev. 1: 5; cf. Matt. 27: 52-54). Others had been brought back from death, but were restored to mortality (Mark 5: 22-43; Luke 7: 11-17; John 11: 1-45), whereas a resurrection means to become immortal, without blood, yet with a body of flesh and bone.

All will not be raised to the same glory in the resurrection (1 Cor. 15: 39-42 ; D&C 76 ), nor will all come forth at the same time (see 1 Cor. 15: 23 ; Alma 40: 8 ). Christ was first; the righteous have precedence over the wicked, and come forth in the first resurrection, whereas the unrepentant sinners come forth in the last resurrection (cf. Rev. 20: 5-13 ).

The N.T. gives ample evidence that Jesus rose with his physical body: He ate fish and honey (Luke 24: 42-43 ); he said he had flesh and bones (Luke 24: 39 ); the people touched him (Luke 24: 39-40 ; John 20: 25-29 ); the tomb was empty (Luke 24: 2-3 ; John 20: 1-10 ); and the angels said he had risen (Mark 16: 1-6 ).

One of the most fundamental doctrines taught by the Twelve was that Jesus was risen from the tomb, with his glorified, resurrected body, as in Acts 1: 21-22 ; Acts 2: 32 ; Acts 3: 15 ; Acts 4: 33 . To obtain a resurrection with a celestial, exalted body is the center point of hope in the gospel of Jesus Christ. The resurrection of Jesus is the most glorious of all messages to mankind.

Latter-day revelation confirms the reality of the resurrection of Christ and of all mankind, as in Alma 11: 41-45 ; Alma 40: 1-26 ; 3 Ne. 11 ; D&C 76 ; Moses 7: 62 .

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Retaliation, law of

Or lex talionis (Ex. 21: 23-25; Lev. 24: 18-21; Deut. 19: 21). The Mosaic law aimed at making the punishment an appropriate equivalent to the offence committed. Wrong doing must not go unpunished; on the other hand, however, the punishment must not be vindictive or excessive. In the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5: 38-42), the Lord goes further, and urges us, so far as private wrongs to ourselves are concerned, not to retaliate at all (cf. Rom. 12: 17, 19).

See also Revenge .

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Reuben

Eldest son of Jacob (Gen. 29: 32; Gen. 30: 14; Gen. 35: 22-23; Gen. 37: 21-22, 29; Gen. 42: 22, 37; Num. 26: 5); settled east of Jordan (Num. 32); the special characteristics of the tribe are referred to in Gen. 49: 3; Deut. 33: 6. The tribe’s numbers gradually diminished, and though it continued to exist as a tribe, it became politically unimportant. In Judg. 5: 15-16, it is reproached by Deborah for its indifference during a time of national peril. For other references see Josh. 4: 12; Josh. 13: 15-23; Josh. 18: 7; Josh. 22; 1 Chr. 5: 1, 3, 18; Ezek. 48: 6-7, 31; Rev. 7: 5. Levite cities in, Josh. 20: 8; Josh. 21: 7, 36; 1 Chr. 6: 63, 78. Dathan and Abiram, men of Reuben, Num. 16: 1; Deut. 11: 6; Bohan, son of Reuben, Josh. 15: 6; Josh. 18: 17. Although Reuben was the firstborn of Jacob and Leah, he lost his birthright because of transgression (Gen. 35: 22; Gen. 49: 3-4). The blessing therefore came upon Joseph, the firstborn of Jacob and Rachel (1 Chr. 5: 1-2).

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Reuel

Friend of God.

(1) Son of Esau (Gen. 36; 1 Chr. 1: 35, 37).

(2) Priest of Midian, Moses’ father-in-law, also called Jethro (Ex. 2: 18 ).

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Revelation

The English word revelation is translated from a Greek word apocalypse, meaning to make known or uncover. This is in contrast to apocrypha, which connotes covered or concealed. Divine revelation is one of the grandest concepts and principles of the gospel of Jesus Christ, for without it, man could not know of the things of God and could not be saved with any degree of salvation in the eternities. Continuous revelation from God to his saints, through the Holy Ghost or by other means, such as vision, dreams, or visitations, makes possible daily guidance along true paths and leads the faithful soul to complete and eternal salvation in the celestial kingdom. The principle of gaining knowledge by revelation is the principle of salvation. It is the making known of divine truth by communication with the heavens, and consists not only of revelation of the plan of salvation to the Lord’s prophets, but also a confirmation in the hearts of the believers that the revelation to the prophets is true. It also consists of individual guidance for every person who seeks for it and follows the prescribed course of faith, repentance, and obedience to the gospel of Jesus Christ. “The Holy Ghost is a revelator,” said Joseph Smith, and “no man can receive the Holy Ghost without receiving revelations” (HC 6: 58). Without revelation, all would be guesswork, darkness, and confusion.

In the Lord’s Church the First Presidency, the Council of the Twelve, and the Patriarch are prophets, seers, and revelators to the Church and to the world. In addition, every person may receive personal revelation for his own benefit. It is contrary to the laws of God for any person to receive revelation for those higher in authority (see D&C 28: 2-8 ; D&C 100: 11 ; D&C 107: 91-92 ).

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Revelation of John

Also known as the Apocalypse, a Greek word meaning revealed or uncovered. The message of Revelation is the same as that of all scripture: there will be an eventual triumph on this earth of God over the devil; a permanent victory of good over evil, of the saints over their persecutors, of the kingdom of God over the kingdoms of men and of Satan. This is the subject on which Amos, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Paul, Peter, and all the prophets have written. They spoke of a day of victory that would come, and that the end would be better (i.e., more glorious) than the beginning. The victory would be achieved through Jesus Christ.

Such is the theme of the Revelation. The details about the beasts, the wars, the angels, the men, etc., contribute to the development of this theme. By a little study, the theme can be perceived even if the details are not completely identified. It may be in this sense that the Prophet Joseph Smith said that Revelation was “one of the plainest books God ever caused to be written” (HC 5: 342). However, the more fully the details are understood, the greater will be the appreciation of the theme. If we fail to catch a glimpse of the theme, we fail in our comprehension, no matter how many details we are able to understand.

Some Guidelines to Understanding:

  1. The Revelation seems to be divided into two parts. The first, chs. 1 to 3, deals with things at the time the Revelation was given, and is addressed to branches of the Church in seven cities of Asia. Note Rev. 1: 3 : “the time is at hand.” These three chapters show clearly that the Church in that day was rapidly going into apostasy.

    The second part, chs. 4 - 22, deals with things yet future for John, i.e., things that had not yet come to pass. It begins with John’s time and continues to the end of the world. Note Rev. 4: 1 : “I will shew thee things which must be hereafter.” Accordingly, it offers a sort of panoramic view of events through the ages - of apostasy, restoration, judgment and millennium.

  2. Apostasy and restoration. Apostasy and restoration are relatively gradual events. Compare the setting and the rising of the sun. It does not become dark or light all at once (see D&C 45: 29 ).

  3. A guided tour. An interesting circumstance in the Revelation is that an angel comes to John and explains things to him - a sort of guided tour. This is consistent with the visions given to Nephi, Ezekiel, Daniel, and Enoch, who had similar guided tours. It appears to be a typical visionary experience.
Some Points of Doctrine:

  1. A description of the resurrected and glorified Savior (Rev. 1: 13-15).
  2. The importance of overcoming the world (Rev. 3: 21; Rev. 21: 7).
  3. The faithful are to be kings and priests unto God and will reign on the earth (Rev. 1: 6; Rev. 5: 10; Rev. 20: 6; Rev. 21: 7).
  4. Animals are resurrected from the dead, and there are animals in heaven, redeemed by the blood of Christ (Rev. 5: 11-14; D&C 77: 3, HC 5: 343).
  5. Two prophets will lie dead in the streets of Jerusalem in the last days and then be raised (Rev. 11: 1-11).
  6. The woman driven into the wilderness, and the man child (ch. 12). The woman is the Church; the man child is the political kingdom of God growing out of the church.
  7. The angel with the everlasting gospel. This being is generally identified in the Church as the resurrected angel Moroni (JS-H 1: 33), but may be representative of all the angels involved in the restoration.
  8. All people shall be judged by their works out of the books that are written both on earth and in heaven (Rev. 20: 11-13; see D&C 128: 6-7).
  9. The testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy (Rev. 19: 10).
  10. The New Jerusalem, the city foursquare (Rev. 3: 12; Rev. 21: 1 - 22: 7; cf. Ether 13: 2-10; Moses 7: 62-63.
The Revelation was received on the Lord’s day by John on the isle of Patmos (Rev. 1: 9-10 ), off the coast of Asia, not far from Ephesus. The exact date is not known. The Book of Mormon confirms that the recipient was John, one of the Twelve (1 Ne. 14: 18-27 ; cf. D&C 20: 35 ; D&C 77: 1-15 ).

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Revenge

For the law about Revenger of blood, see Num. 35: 12, 19-27; Deut. 19: 6, 12; Josh. 20: 3, 5; 2 Sam. 14: 7-11. For instances in which revenge was forbidden, see Ex. 23: 5; Lev. 19: 18. For N.T. teaching see Matt. 5: 39, 44; cf. Rom. 12: 17, 19; 1 Thes. 5: 15; 1 Pet. 3: 9; 1 Cor. 4: 12.

See also Retaliation .

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Rezin

King of Syria (2 Kgs. 15: 37); attacks Ahaz (2 Kgs. 16: 5-6, 9; Isa. 7: 1, 4, 8; Isa. 8: 6; Isa. 9: 11).

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Rimmon

(1) God of the Syrians of Damascus (2 Kgs. 5: 18), identified by them with the sun god Hadad (Zech. 12: 11). Among the Babylonians he was the god of the air, wind, thunder, and rain.

(2) Pomegranate. A Beerothite, father of Baanah and Rechab, the murderers of Ishbosheth (2 Sam. 4: 2, 5, 9 ).

(3) A place in Judah in the Negeb (Josh. 15: 32 ; 1 Chr. 4: 32 ; Zech. 14: 10 ).

(4) The rock Rimmon in the wilderness of Benjamin, about 3 1/2 miles east of Bethel (Judg. 20: 45, 47 ; Judg. 21: 13 ).

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River

Used alone for the Euphrates (Gen. 31: 21; Gen. 36: 37; Ex. 23: 31; Num. 22: 5; Josh. 24: 2-3, 14-15; 2 Sam. 8: 3; 2 Sam. 10: 16; 1 Kgs. 4: 21, 24; 1 Kgs. 14: 15; 1 Chr. 19: 16; 2 Chr. 9: 26; Ps. 72: 8; Ps. 80: 11; Isa. 7: 20; Isa. 8: 7; Isa. 11: 15; Isa. 27: 12; Jer. 2: 18; Micah 7: 12; Zech 9: 10).

See Egypt, River of .

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Rod

There are several meanings of rod in the scriptures. A shepherd’s rod was a club approximately three feet long, with a knob on one end. It was used to beat wolves away from the herd. A staff, sometimes called a rod, is longer; it was used for walking, resting, or for guiding the sheep, as in Lev. 27: 32; Ps. 23: 4.

Moses’ and Aaron’s rods represented authority, as in Ex. 4: 1-5 ; Ex. 7: 9-12, 17 . A rod was also used for punishing a wayward child, as in Prov. 13: 24 ; Prov. 22: 15 ; or to whip a supposed offender, as in 2 Cor. 11: 25 and Matt. 27: 26 . A measuring rod was about 10 feet, 10 inches (330 cm.) long and was used to determine distances (see Ezek. 40: 3) . Isa. 11: 1 speaks of a rod (Hebrew Khoter - a twig or shoot), which has been identified in latter-day revelation as a prophet of the restoration (D&C 113 ).

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Roll

A book in ancient times was usually written on parchment of papyrus in a series of parallel columns, which answered to the pages of a modern book. At each end, and parallel to the columns, was a stick around which the skin or papyrus was rolled, the reader as he went along unrolling one end and rolling of the other.

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Roman Empire

In the apostolic age the Roman Empire was the one great power of the world. It included everything between the Euphrates, the Danube, the Rhine, the Atlantic, and the Sahara desert. Palestine became a client state in 63 B.C., when Pompeius took Jerusalem; and at the banishment of Archelaus (A.D. 6) Judaea was placed under a Roman procurator. For a list of the Emperors during the period covered by the N.T., with the dates of their accessions, see Caesar and Chronological Tables.

The Empire included a great variety of peoples. Broadly speaking, the eastern half was Greek, the western Latin; but the Greek language was understood not only throughout the whole of the East, but in a great part of the West as well, and was the language of commerce everywhere. It was only in the Lycaonian mountains (Acts 14: 11 ) that Paul’s Greek was not enough. The three largest cities of the Empire were Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch in Syria. In each of these there were large Jewish colonies. The Roman government of the provinces was not on the whole oppressive, though taxation was always heavy. It was the policy of Rome to treat all national religions with respect. The cohort in the Tower of Antonia at Jerusalem was there only to guard the peace of the temple. The Emperor made regular offerings, and (Acts 21: 29 ) no gentile was allowed to set foot in the Court of Israel. The Jews had express permission to put to death even a Roman citizen, if he was found inside the middle wall of partition. (See Temple of Herod .) The Jewish parts of Palestine were practically governed by the high priest and Sanhedrin, except that capital sentences needed the procurator’s confirmation (John 18: 31 ). The Jews also had exceptional privileges, e.g., freedom from military service and from legal business on the Sabbath. The high priest could even send Saul to bring the Christians of Damascus to Jerusalem for punishment (Acts 9: 2 ). Yet the Jews always hated Roman rule, and were constantly in rebellion. Even a census could not be taken without a dangerous rising (Acts 5: 37 ). Judaea was certainly unfortunate in having as procurators such men as Pilate, Felix, Albinus, and Gessius Florus. Only Festus was a better sort of man. All through the apostolic age the storm was gathering that broke in seventy years (A.D. 66-135) of war between Rome and Israel.

During the first thirty-six years after the Ascension, Roman officials were a protection to the Christian Church. At Philippi (Acts 16: 37-39 ) and at Jerusalem. (Acts 22: 25-29 ; Acts 23: 27 ) Paul pleaded with success his rights as a Roman citizen. At Corinth the proconsul Gallio dismissed the charge brought against him (Acts 19: 12-17 ); while at Ephesus the town clerk protected him from the fury of the mob (Acts 19: 35-41 ), and the captain of the guard did the same at Jerusalem (Acts 21: 31-32 ). Christianity was at first regarded by the government as a form of Judaism, a religion recognized by the state. Persecution began in A.D. 64. The Emperor Nero was suspected of being responsible for the great fire that occurred that year in Rome, and to stifle the report he laid the blame upon the Christians. This persecution lasted till A.D. 68, and among others who suffered were Peter and Paul. There was no further persecution till the reign of Domitian, A.D. 95.

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Romans, Epistle to

See Pauline Epistles .

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Rome

The capital of the ancient world, on the Tiber, about fifteen miles from its mouth (Acts 2: 10; Acts 18: 2; Acts 19: 21; Acts 23: 11; Rom. 1: 7, 15. Paul in Rome (Acts 28: 14, 16; 2 Tim. 1: 17).

See Roman Empire .

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Ruth

This book is the history of the family of Elimelech, who in the days of the Judges, because of a famine, went away from Bethlehem to dwell in the land of Moab. There his two sons married Moabite wives, and died, as did also their father. Naomi, the mother, returned to Bethlehem, and Ruth, one of her widowed daughters-in-law, came with her. Ruth, when gleaning in the field of Boaz, a kinsman of Elimelech, found favor with him. Naomi planned that Boaz should marry Ruth, and he was ready to do so, if a nearer kinsman, to whom the right belonged according to the law in Deut. 25: 5-10, declined. He did decline, and so Ruth became the wife of Boaz. Her son was Obed, the father of Jesse, the father of David. The book appears to be intended to connect the history of David with the earlier times, and also to form a contrast, in its peaceful and pastoral simplicity, to the disorders of which we read so continually in the Book of Judges.

The story of Ruth beautifully illustrates the conversion of a non-Israelite into the fold of Israel, giving up her former god and former life to unite with the household of faith in the service of the God of Israel (see Ruth 1: 16 ).

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Rye; also Rie

A cereal differing slightly from common wheat; it was sown on the headlands and was used for making bread (Ex. 9: 32; Isa. 28: 25).